Stacking

Stacking refers to the use of multiple modules or ship modifications (rigs) that affect the same attribute, eg. optimal range, kinetic shield resistance, tracking speed, etc.

The modules involved do not have to be the same or even of the same type. For example, the benefit to kinetic armour resistance granted by an Energized Adaptive Nano Membrane module stacks onto the benefit from a Armor Kinetic Hardener module.

Whilst stacking modules is often necessary and desirable there are in most cases drawbacks to it.

• Diminishing Returns

  This only applies when the module affects an attribute with a definite limit. The most common example of this is shield and armour resistance modifiers – there is an absolute ceiling of 100% resistance that the module moves you towards. In cases like this the gain that the module grants is the stated percentage of the difference between your current value and the logical maximum.

  For example, if your armour has a base 40% resistance to EM damage and you fit a module that grants 50% to EM resistance, your actual gain is 50% of 60% = 30% (60% being the difference between your starting 40% and the maximum of 100%) giving you a new value of 70%.

  If your armour has a base 60% resistance to EM damage and you fit a module that grants 50% to EM resistance, your actual gain is 50% of 40% = 20% giving you a new value of 80%.

  So we can see clearly that the closer your starting value is to the maximum, the lower the actual benefit you receive.

• The Stacking Penalty

  You may have seen the wording “Penalty: Using more than one type of this module or similar modules that affect the same attribute on the ship will be penalized.” in the description of various modules.

  This functions in addition to the diminishing returns we see above and also applies to modules that affect attributes that do not have an absolute limit, for example the hybrid weapon damage module Magnetic Field Stabilizer.

  The stacking penalty reduces the base effect of the module by a fixed percentage depending on how many modules affecting the same attribute have been fitted.

  First module: 100% of stated value
  Second module: 86.9% of stated value
  Third module: 58.9% of stated value
  Fourth module: 32.4% of stated value
  Fifth module: 14.3% of stated value
  Sixth module: 5.0% of stated value
  Seventh module: 1.3% of stated value
  Eighth module: 0.3% of stated value

  So the highly detrimental effect of using multiple modules with a stacking penalty affecting the same attribute is clear. This is even more considerably pronounced when combined with diminishing returns. Using our EM resist example again with a base value of 40%, a fourth 50% EM resistance hardener would only actually add 1.7% resistance giving a total of 89.6%. An eighth would add 0.005% making a total of 90.3%.

But there are examples of modules that do not suffer either of these drawbacks. Any module that does not have a stacking penalty and the affected attribute does not have a logical maximum will stack normally.

The classic example of this is cargo expanders. A ship with a base 100m3 cargo bay and one Beta Hull Mod Expanded Cargo module, which grants a 25% bonus, would have 125m3. If a second module were added it would grant an additional 125 x 25% = 31.25 making a total of 156.25m3.

This article is brought to you by EVE-Mag.com - an independent EVE Magazine, ©2009 EVE-Mag.com. Read more of New Eden's finest writers here!

POE #4: Things all players should know

My head hurt – no, it really hurt. This was caused in part by it’s attempts to juggle twenty disparate factors into a cohesive plan but mostly by it being periodically hit against the wall in frustration.

This was one of the results of my attempt to start off a moon mining project in a low security system neighbouring my usual residence. I had poured over the starbase structures and moon minerals sections in the EVE item database and scoured the internet searching for guides on the subject. All the guides I found seemed to have been sourced from CCP’s original guide with a few bits of additional information added in.

These guides seemed to make it sound all quite simple. You put up a control tower then add some harvesters, silos and reactors taking care of how much powergrid, and more significantly CPU, is available. Then link the structures, online it all and then sit back and watch the isk trickle or flood, as appropriate, into your wallet.

However, it soon became apparent that there is a great deal more left to learn and a considerable number of important factors are not made very clear. I pondered why the whole process should be so complex and can only assume that this is because once you do have it all set up properly it does sit and make you money while you sleep.

Now there are some things that you can do which are simple, but true to EVE form they will not yield you much isk. Setting up a small tower and simply mining moon minerals is very easy to do but unless you can lay your hands on a moon with one or more of the middle to high end minerals you will quite likely not cover your tower’s fuel costs and if you do then it’ll take quite some time to make back the initial investment.

However, despite all the problems and gnashing of teeth I was undeterred and pushed ahead to complete the project. I’m quite sure that you won’t be put off either, so in the hope that I can set you off into your quest with your eyes open and aware of the potential pitfalls, here is the sum of my wisdom on the complicated topic that is moon mining! Yes this article is long, but I assure you that reading it will take less time than finding it all out by yourself.

This article will not go into depth regarding setting up and running control towers, except where relevant to moon mining, as this is well covered elsewhere.

Start at the beginning

A general rule of thumb for doing anything in EVE, probably in real life too, is to have at least a vague idea, preferably a very good idea, of what you plan to achieve. However when it comes to moon mining, in my opinion, the best bet is to start off with working out what you are able to achieve with the available resources – and by this I mean what minerals are contained in the moons that you have at your disposal. Then decide which out of these possibilities you want to try and achieve.

If your corporation or alliance has good control over an area of 0.0 space with plenty of vacant moons to pick from then these possibilities could feasibly cover nearly everything, if not absolutely everything and you can go right ahead and start with what you want to achieve.

However, if you don’t have access to 0.0 space then you are left with low security space, or more specifically systems with a security rating between 0.1 and 0.3 as you cannot use moon mining modules in systems with a security rating of 0.4 or higher. In this case you will generally find that the moons with the decent minerals will already be taken and probably won’t be given up without a fight. But you may not have stratospheric ambitions and only desire a small operation or you may well just get lucky!

However while we are on the subject of moon possession, I will touch on the topic of taking a moon from another corporation.

Bringing down a tower is no small undertaking and is very difficult to achieve without dreadnoughts or, at the least, a decent sized battleship fleet. As an example, a large Caldari tower has fifty million (yes, really 50,000,000) shield and four million armour hitpoints. If the tower is well armed then you’ll need logistics support to keep your ships alive and if the tower’s owners are organised then you’ll also want PvP backup as they will most likely turn up with a fleet and counter-attack. The tower’s “reinforced mode” will also mean you’ll probably need to turn up on the following day to finish the job off and you may return to find everything repaired and all your work undone. Even if you achieve your task and destroy the tower there is always the chance that the owners will then come back and attempt to destroy the tower that you put up in it’s place. So, in summary this is not a recommended option unless you know exactly what you are doing!

Finding a moon with an offline tower is a different matter. In this case, should the moon contain minerals you want, you can open diplomatic talks with the owners. They may be willing to give the moon up for a fee although don’t expect this to be less than nine figures. It is also a great deal simpler to destroy an offline tower. For a start there are no gun and e-war batteries to worry about as any that are there will not function, there is no bubble shield to prevent standard drones from getting close enough to attack the tower, also meaning that you can get your ship as close as you want to maximise damage. There will also be no reinforced mode that forces you to make two separate attacks. You may still face a counter attack from the tower’s owners though as they will still get a mail informing them the tower is under attack.

Moon Minerals and Simple Reactions

Moon minerals are the very start of the multi-stage process toward making the advanced components which are used to make T2 ships. Moon minerals are divided into 5 categories, as shown in the list below.

Gases: Atmospheric Gases, Evaporate Deposits, Hydrocarbons and Silicates
Rarity 8 metals: Cobalt, Scandium, Titanium and Tungsten
Rarity 16 metals: Cadmium, Vanadium, Chromium and Platinum
Rarity 32 metals: Caesium, Technetium, Hafnium and Mercury
Rarity 64 metals: Promethium, Dysprosium, Neodymium and Thulium

You can consider yourself lucky to find a moon with a rarity 16 (r16) metal in a low security system but forget about finding anything rarer outside of null sec space. I have heard of it happening but if these rumours are true then it is a very rare event indeed. I have scanned many hundreds of low security moons and have never found a single one. Even if I had found just one it would still be very long odds.

A moon can contain between zero and three different minerals. Your scanner will also give you an abundance rating for each mineral of between one and three. At present this number has no effect on how much of the material you will mine although, of course, this could change in the future. It has been rumoured that the Moon Harvesting Array II, which was once present in the item database but later disappeared again, may take advantage of higher abundance numbers.

As mentioned before, it is a relatively simple matter to set up an operation to mine one, two or even three of these minerals, but unless it is r16 or higher it will not make you much isk. A better plan is to react two of these minerals into a processed or “intermediate” material. There are 19 different processed materials which can be created by reacting together a specific pair of moon minerals.

Each moon mineral can feature in between one and three of these pairs making some minerals more versatile, and therefore probably more valuable, than others. Without a doubt the best way to see how comparatively valuable any mineral is to simply check market prices for it. Jita is probably the best place to do this as you can guarantee that there will a good supply of all the minerals and therefore that the prices are not skewed by local availability.

The table below shows which moon minerals will react together and the resulting intermediate material.

For all the nineteen different simple reactions, there are always two moon minerals going in and one processed material coming out. As you can see from the table, the different moon minerals are of different sizes, mostly dependent on the category they belong to, but all the processed materials are 1m3 in size. There are always 100 units of each moon mineral going into the reaction and 200 units of the processed material coming out every hour.

BUT! Please don’t go running off now to set up your simple reaction!

Given the time consuming, tedious and potentially dangerous process of setting up and taking down towers it is a very good idea to have the total goal in mind before you start. If you set up a medium tower to run a simple reaction and then find that you have the resources to run a complex reaction, you will most likely need to take down the medium tower and replace it with a large one. As an idea, it takes half an hour to anchor a large tower then another half an hour to online it. In this first hour you and your tower are vulnerable to attack as you cannot activate the shield bubble until the tower is online, although having said that you don’t need to hang around while you wait. That just covers onlining the tower itself, you still need to anchor and online all your moon mining equipment and armaments and you can only perform one of these tasks on one module at a time. Set aside at the bare minimum a couple of hours to fully set up a working tower.

So with this in mind we will discuss complex reactions before we talk in detail about setting anything up.

Processed Materials and Complex Reactions

Just as with the simple reactions where we mix moon minerals together to make processed materials, a complex reaction is the mixing together of processed materials to make advanced materials. These advanced materials are then used in a normal manufacturing process to make advanced (T2) components which are then used to turn simple T1 ships into super T2 ships.

However, the complex moniker is not just for fanciful display, the whole process is much more complicated for many reasons. Earlier I mentioned that most of the numbers involved in the simple reactions are identical across all nineteen reactions, however this is not so with complex reactions. Firstly, it can take between two and four processed materials to create a complex reaction. Secondly, although there is still always 100 units of each processed material going into the reaction, depending on the reaction you are doing, the output can vary between 200 and 10,000 units which can be between 0.01m3 and 1.3m3 in size. Thirdly, a complex reaction requires, unsurprisingly, a complex reactor whereas a simple reaction can be done in either a simple or complex reactor. The table below shows you all the information as with the earlier one for simple reactions.

The Mechanics of the Moon Mining Chain

The moon mining chain refers to the line of modules necessary to create an advanced material from scratch, but you don’t have to create the entire chain and can still make isk from just a part of it. Firstly we will look at the various modules involved.

Control Tower

Not specifically moon mining equipment but nonetheless you must first have a tower before you can get any moon mining modules working. It is generally accepted that Caldari towers are the best for this type of exercise due to the fact that they have a higher CPU output than the other race’s towers and you will need plenty of CPU to run all the modules you need. However, if you plan to mine the ice for the tower’s fuel yourself and you do not live in Caldari space then a different tower may suit your purpose better if it still produces enough CPU to run the modules you require.

Moon Harvesting Array

This is obviously the beginning of the process. The harvester is assigned to one of the minerals present in the moon at which it is anchored. It must be linked to an appropriate module that can handle it’s output, ie. a silo or a reactor.

Simple Reactor

This module mixes 100 units each of two moon minerals every hour into 200 units of a processed material. It must be linked to two appropriate modules to provide the minerals needed for the reaction. These can be both silos, both moon harvesting arrays or one of each. It must also be linked to an appropriate storage device to store the output and requires the appropriate reaction blueprint to be installed in it.

Complex Reactor

This can perform the task of a simple reactor as described above but is best employed to make complex reactions. With a complex reaction it mixes 100 units each of between two and four processed materials every hour into advanced materials. The number of inputs needed and units produced depends on which reaction is being made as per the previous table. It needs to be linked to the appropriate number of silos to provide the inputs needed for the reaction and an additional one to store the output. A complex reactor also requires the appropriate reaction blueprint to be installed in it.

Storage Units

There are two types of storage unit that can be linked into a moon mining chain. The first and best is the Silo (without anything else in the name, eg. not a Catalyst Silo or Hybrid Polymer Silo, which are for different processes, eg. booster production) and the second is the Coupling Array. Contrary to the belief of some, a coupling array is not specifically for the purpose of sitting between moon-mining modules – this practice is not actually necessary. They both perform exactly the same task but hold different amounts of material. A silo will hold a fairly healthy 20,000m3 of material, using up 500 CPU in the process, whilst a coupling array uses a mere 155 CPU but unfortunately holds a paltry 1,500m3. Silos and coupling arrays can only have one input and one output and you must define what material it will hold before you online it.

Another factor to consider with silos and coupling arrays is that you cannot put anything into or take anything out of them while they are online. You must first offline it, fill or empty as appropriate then online it again. This doesn’t take long, just three minutes, but be careful that they are not offline at the point when your reactor cycles and expects an input or tries to output as this will result in a cycle’s worth of material being lost.

So on that topic, how do you know when everything happens? In reality everything on a tower happens together in a single second on the hourly “anniversary” of your tower’s onlining, which also happens to be the time when it chews up it’s regular meal of fuels and spare parts. If you didn’t note the time that you onlined the tower then you can find out by removing all but 23 hours worth of one of your fuels from the fuel bay. Within an hour you will get a mail informing you that your tower has less than a day’s worth of fuel left. The time of this mail is the time when everything happens and you can make your life much easier by noting it down. Don’t forget to put the fuel back in!

These tables show the PG and CPU produced by each of the 12 different tower types and the PG and CPU requirements of the various moon mining modules including the storage capacities of the silo and coupling array.

Moon Mining Set Up Theory

So on a purely theoretical basis, a basic moon mining chain with a two input complex reaction looks something like this.

Looking at this diagram you may wonder why you need the silos between the simple and complex reactors. This is because, if you recall, our simple reactors output 200 units of the processed material every hour but our complex reactor uses only 100 units from each input. I have never tried directly linking a simple reactor output to a complex reactor input but I assume it is possible. However, if it can be done then you will certainly lose 100 units of the output processed materials every hour wasting half your potential income.

So with this setup you will be producing a surplus of 100 units of each processed material every hour. You could either sell this surplus or use it to run a second complex reaction. You would of course need a second complex reactor but also additional silos to provide the input and collect the output. You will of course then need to manually transfer the accumulated surplus from your first two silos into the new ones (indicated by the dotted lines) making the complete chain look more like this.

If you are planning to run a three input complex reaction then you will need to add two more moon harvesting arrays, another simple reactor, two more silos and a third manual transfer creating something like this. Note that this doesn’t create the opportunity for a third complex reactor to make yet more advanced material.

I am sure you can work out what a four input complex reaction would look like.

However this is all theoretical. A quick look at the CPU need of the modules in even the first of these three diagrams will tell you that there is no way you could fit it all on a single tower. Two complex reactors and 3 moon harvesting arrays will exhaust all the CPU supplied by a large Caldari tower. In any case there is no way you would find all the right minerals on one moon. It is not that common to find on a single low sec moon the two minerals you need to make even one simple reaction and personally I have only ever found this with gases, which are the most common of moon minerals and therefore the most common, and least valuable, of processed materials.

So without a doubt a complete chain is going to need at least two moons, and quite possibly three, for even a two input complex reaction. This means that you are going to need even more silos as you will be unable to make as many direct connections from moon harvesters to reactors as shown in these diagrams. In addition to that, the single silo between your simple and complex reactors could need to become two silos, one to store your simple reactor’s output which will then need to be moved to the second new silo providing an input to your complex reactor at another moon.

You may also be in the situation where the two minerals you need for a simple reaction are on two different moons meaning even more silos and manual transfers.

Achieving your goal without all the necessary resources

If you started out with a specific goal in mind you may have to face the possibility that you might not be able to gain access to all the minerals you need but don’t despair yet as there are other possibilities here. The simplest answer could be to buy the minerals, or even processed material, that you are missing from the market. Whilst this obviously will not net you the same kind of profit you could have enjoyed had you been able to mine them yourself you should still be able to make an overall profit on the whole process.

Another solution to this problem is to cooperate with another corporation. Between you you may be able to produce the processed materials needed for a complex reaction that neither of you can alone. Given that your simple reactions will produce twice what you need to run one complex reactor it could be a simple matter of exchanging half the output from your simple reactions. How well this will work for you depends on which processed material you can make as in most cases one is likely to be worth more than the other. For example, Crystallite Alloy is around four times the price of Carbon Polymers. These two processed materials react together to make Crystalline Carbonide. Being the Carbon Polymer producer in such an arrangement would make you very much the poor half of the partnership.

So maybe you now begin to understand the cause of my headache. You may as well reach for the aspirin now because I’m going to throw yet another spanner in the works!

Time to react!

There is a fact casually mentioned in many of the guides I have read that illustrates very well a crucial factor in moon mining set up design. This fact is actually almost a myth.

Almost A Moon Mining Myth #1: “You can run a complex reaction on a medium Caldari tower.”

Yes, this is technically true. A complex reactor needs 3,000 CPU and a Caldari Control Tower Medium provides 3,750. The problem is that, of course, you need at least two silos to hold your inputs to the reaction and another one to hold the output.

The obvious difficulty is that a silo needs 500 CPU so you can only fit one with the 750 CPU you have remaining after fitting your complex reactor. A coupling array needs 155 CPU so after you put in your silo you are left with enough CPU for one coupling array and we know that we need at least three storage units.

However we of course can scrap the silo and just use coupling arrays. With our 750 CPU we can run four coupling arrays. We could run a three input complex reaction with a coupling array to hold each of the inputs and one to hold the output. Unfortunately whilst this may work in theory, in practice it isn’t very convenient.

Remember that all processed materials are 1m3 in volume and that the reaction needs 100 units of each processed material per hour making 100m3 per hour and our coupling array holds a mere 1,500m3. So you will need to refill your coupling arrays at intervals of less than 15 hours.

Not a problem you say? You’re on twice a day, every day anyway? Fantastic! Oh wait, what about our output coupling array? You’ll need to empty that every 15 hours too? If only you could be so lucky!

Let’s say you’re making Phenolic Composites, a three input complex reaction. This outputs 2,200 units every hour and each unit is 0.2m3 making a total volume of 440m3 every hour. Your output coupling array will need to be emptied before the fourth hour is up or you will lose any further output until you empty it. Reckon you can be online every four hours? Ever want to sleep again?

OK then, plan C. What you can do is link silos and coupling arrays to each other in a line. Two coupling arrays linked like this effectively doubles your storage capacity. How this functions is typically EVE in it’s strangeness. Assuming all the silos are online, it takes the material from the furthest silo away in the line from the reactor that has enough in it. A coupling array can hold 3,750 units of Cobalt but will only supply a rector with 37 hourly feeds of 100 units before it then begins to take material from the next unit in the line leaving 50 units left behind in the first one doing nothing.

So you could run a two input complex reaction and have two coupling arrays linked together to store your output. Let’s go with Tungsten Carbide which, as we can see from the table, outputs a hefty 10,000 units per hour. Since the Dominion expansion this is oh so much easier as CCP reduced the size of the Carb(on)ide processed materials from 0.05m3 to 0.01m3. At 0.05m3 each in size, this added up to 500m3 per hour which would fill your two coupling arrays in 6 hours. Now your output amounts to just 100m3 per hour but your dual coupling array setup will still only last 30 hours.

So, in summary, yes you can run a complex reaction on a medium Caldari tower but, unless you can guarantee your availability to maintain the tower processes, you will need people to help fill and empty your coupling arrays or you will have to face losing lots of output cycles.

The basic point I am trying to make here is that you must also think carefully about how long your silos and coupling arrays will run before they need to be refilled or emptied.

Other Considerations

You may be asking yourself why I have not yet mentioned Corporate Hangar Arrays as of course they use up some of your tower’s CPU too. I haven’t mentioned them so far because with these we can utilise to our advantage the timing and mechanics of tower processes. As I indicated earlier, when it comes to silos and coupling arrays, the only time they have to be online is when the tower makes it’s hourly cycle. They must be offline before you can empty or fill them but as long as you do this between the tower’s cycles then it makes no difference to the operation of anything else.

With the Corporate Hangar Array this fact works out even better. You can remove items from them even if they are offline although you still cannot put anything into them. They only require 150 CPU to online and as we will have to offline our silos and coupling arrays anyway we will have plenty of CPU available to online the hangar array for long enough to transfer our finished product into it. An added bonus is the fact that modules only use fuel if they are online when the tower cycles so our hangar array will not cost us any fuel to run! Our only concern here is that the hangar array does require 100,000 powergrid and if you are close to using all the tower’s powergrid under normal operating conditions then you may be forced to also offline a turret battery to release enough pg to online the Hangar Array. Having said that offlining a silo will free up 50,000 and each coupling array adds another 10,000 so unless you’ve really taken the tower’s powergrid output right to the wire this shouldn’t cause you too much of a problem.

So that about wraps up the theory of moon mining. In part two of this article we will look at the equally complicated practical elements of moon mining setup design and maintenance as well as calculating and maximising profit margins.

This article is brought to you by EVE-Mag.com - an independent EVE Magazine, ©2009 EVE-Mag.com. Read more of New Eden's finest writers here!

The Comprehensive Guide to Moon Mining Part 1 – Theory

You may have noticed that EVE-Mag has been rather quiet lately.

Well we’ve just been taking a break but are preparing to once more enter the fray and begin publishing again in the New Year.

In the pipeline are more “Proverbs of EVE”, “The Comprehensive Guide to Moon Mining” and others.

If you think you can write EVE related articles or short stories as well or even better than what you see on this site then we’d be pleased to see what you have to offer. Please check our submission guidelines and contact either Smakalicious at smak@EVE-Mag.com or Ecaf Ersa at ecaf_ersa@hotmail.co.uk.

Have a great New Year and keep an eye on us in 2010!

This article is brought to you by EVE-Mag.com - an independent EVE Magazine, ©2009 EVE-Mag.com. Read more of New Eden's finest writers here!

Just Taking a Break